![]() ![]() The earliest evidence of icons is found in the catacombs. Iconography has existed within Christianity perhaps since apostolic times. Iconography of the Lord Jesus Christ, the Theotokos Virgin Mary, and the saints who have died in the faith, stands as a great heritage in the Coptic Orthodox Church. Written by Matthew Saadalla, and edited by Bishoy Kamal Rofail. The very comprehensive notes provide a very useful bibliography of published sources on the Knights Templar and their history.An article that defends the use and veneration of icons in the Church against the three main iconoclastic arguments. The article is a valuable contribution to Templar studies and also demonstrates a successful approach to reconstructing the history of a specific estate. The suppression of the Order in the early fourteenth century is explained, and the latter part of the article shows the subsequent history of the preceptory buildings and the estate, a story determined by the vagaries of fortune experienced by the various landowning families into whose hands the property passed. This draws attention to the different landscapes and soil types, and the important agricultural work (including land drainage) which the Templars undertook here, and on properties elsewhere in the country. The documentary, archaeological and architectural evidence for the buildings and the layout of the preceptory complex is presented, before a more substantial account of the estate and its assets and resources. The relationship between this and other Yorkshire properties is discussed. The paper begins with a general account of the Order and its properties in Britain, and then considers the scattered and often fragmentary early documentary references to Temple Hirst itself. As with other properties held by the Order, the place-name evidence is remarkably enduring despite the relatively brief quasi-monastic tenure. The estate was held by the Knights Templar from about 1152 until the forcible dissolution of the Order in 1311, and then passed to a succession of secular landowners. It is a detailed account of the estates and buildings of the Knights Templar at Temple Hirst, which lies beside the River Aire five miles south of Selby. This article is a version of a Wolfson Lecture delivered by John Lee at Cambridge in 2010. It will be of interest to those working in Historical and Cultural Geography, Social, Economic and Cultural History, Women’s Studies, Gender Studies and Landscape Studies. It addresses important questions about propertied women’s role in English rural communities and in Georgian society more generally, whilst contributing to wider cultural debates about women’s place in the environmental, social and economic history of Britain. This highly original book provides an explicitly feminist historical geography of the eighteenth-century English rural landscape. Drawing on examples from across Georgian England, Elite Women and the Agricultural Landscape, 1700-1830 offers a detailed study of elite women’s relationships with landed property, specifically as they were mediated through the lens of their estate management and improvement. Yet while we know a great deal about the men who pushed forward schemes for enclosure and sponsored agricultural improvement, far less is known about the role played by female landowners and farmers and their contributions to landscape change. Outside the Midlands too local landscapes were remodelled in line with the improving ideals of the era. ![]() ![]() 1700 to 1830 was a period in which the landscape of large swathes of the English Midlands was reshaped – both materially and imaginatively – by parliamentary enclosure and a bundle of other new practices. Social and economic histories of the long eighteenth century have largely ignored women as a class of landowners and improvers. The cow pastures in Humberston are one of the best-documented and longest-surviving in the county. This paper seeks to establish the nature, extent and longevity of the so-called ‘cottage system’ in north Lincolnshire and uses the example of Humberston near Grimsby to consider the motives that led landlords to provide their tenants with cow pastures and the benefits that cottagers derived from them. Despite this, the so-called ‘cottage system’ was in retreat in many parts of north Lincolnshire by the middle of the nineteenth-century. During the 1790s and 1800s, commentators praised these arrangements and pressed for their adoption elsewhere. Yet, in parts of north Lincolnshire, a number of landlords and farmers continued to provide their labourers with pasture for cows long after enclosure had taken place. It is often claimed that the enclosure of common fields and waste land deprived many poor cottagers of access to pasture and other resources upon which much of their livelihood depended. ![]()
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